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What is a Cannon connector?

Release Time:

2025-10-31 18:18

Source:

The Cannon connector, known in English as the XLR Connector, is an electrical connector widely used in professional audio, video, and stage lighting applications. Its name "XLR" originates from the original model series ("X" series) developed by its manufacturer, Cannon Electric (now part of ITT Corporation), combined with the first letters of Latch (for the locking mechanism) and Rubber (referring to the rubber insulation material used in early versions).

I. Key Features:

1. Balanced Transmission: This is the most important feature of the XLR connector. It uses three conductors to transmit a single audio signal:

2. Hot End (+ / Hot): Carries the original signal.

3. Cold Terminal (- / Cold): The original signal carrying a phase inversion (180 degrees).

4. Ground (Ground / Shield): Used for shielding and grounding.
This design can significantly suppress noise and electromagnetic interference introduced during long-distance cable transmission, as external disturbances affect both the hot and cold ends simultaneously. At the receiving device, the cold-end signal is reversed again and then added to the hot-end signal, effectively enhancing the original signal while causing the introduced common-mode noise to cancel each other out.

5. Locking Mechanism: The Canon connector features a mechanical locking latch. Once the male and female connectors are mated, the latch clicks into place, securely locking them together to prevent accidental disconnection due to pulling or vibrations—making it ideal for high-reliability applications such as live performances.

6. Robust and Durable: The metal casing makes it far more robust than common 3.5mm or 6.35mm (1/4-inch) plugs, capable of withstanding frequent plugging and unplugging as well as harsh operating environments.

II. Standardized Pin Definitions:

1. Male connector (with pins): Typically used for outputting signals.

2. Female connector (with socket): Typically used for input signals.

III. Standard 3-Pin XLR Pin Configuration:

1. Pin 1: Ground/Shield.

2. Pin 2: Signal Hot端 (+).

3. Pin 3: Signal Cold End (-).

This standardization ensures compatibility between devices from different brands.

In addition to the most common 3-pin XLR, there are also 4-pin, 5-pin, and even 7-pin versions, used for transmitting stereo audio signals (such as in some headphones), DMX512 lighting control signals, or providing phantom power to condenser microphones.

Primary Application Scenarios

The Cannon connector has almost become synonymous with the word "professional," and its primary application areas include:

I. Professional Audio Systems: This is their most core application area.

II. Microphone Connections: Nearly all professional condenser and dynamic microphones use XLR connectors to link to mixers, audio interfaces, or amplifiers.

III. Connecting the Mixing Console to the Amplifier/Audio Interface: Used for transmitting balanced line-level signals.

4. Stage Audio System: Designed to connect various audio devices on stage, this system features strong interference resistance, making it ideal for long-distance cabling.

V. Stage Lighting Control System: DMX512 Protocol – The industry-standard lighting control protocol uses a 5-pin XLR connector (though 3-pin XLR is now also commonly used for transmitting DMX signals, proper specifications must be observed) to connect dimmer consoles with lighting fixtures.

6. Broadcasting and Film Production: At film sets, recording studios, and broadcast vehicles, all high-quality audio capture and distribution rely on XLR connections.

7. Some professional video equipment: Certain high-end broadcast-grade cameras and devices use XLR connectors for high-quality audio input/output, enabling synchronized recording with video signals.

Precautions for Use

Although Canon connectors are durable, proper usage is essential to ensure their performance and longevity.

1. Properly Plug and Unplug: Always press the lock first before pulling the cable! Directly and forcefully yanking the cable can damage the connector’s locking mechanism—or even rip the entire interface right off the device. This is the most common cause of damage.

II. Preventing the Impact of "Phantom Power": Phantom power (typically +48V) is supplied to condenser microphones via pins 2 and 3 of the XLR connector.

3. When connecting or disconnecting a microphone or other audio device, make sure the phantom power on the mixing console or audio interface is turned off. Plugging in or unplugging while power is still on can generate a surge of current (resulting in a "pop" sound), potentially damaging speakers (headphones) or the delicate internal components of your equipment. Although most modern microphones are designed with built-in protection, adopting this as a best practice will help safeguard your gear.

4. Pay attention to the consistency of pin definitions: Most devices follow the standard of "pin 2 as the hot end." However, a very small number of devices—particularly some older models or those from specific brands—may use the "pin 3 as the hot end" configuration. Mixing devices that adhere to these two different standards can lead to phase cancellation, resulting in a thin, weak sound. If you notice any audio anomalies, be sure to check this point.

V. Welding and Cable Maintenance: If you’re making cables yourself, be sure to ensure that the solder joints are secure and that heat-shrink tubing is used properly, guaranteeing no short circuits between the pins.

Pin 1 (ground) must be connected to the plug's metal casing and the cable's shielding layer to ensure effective shielding.

Regularly inspect cables and connectors for bends, damage, or poor connections.

6. Distinguishing DMX from Audio XLR: Although the physical interfaces appear identical, DMX signals (digital control signals) and audio signals (analog signals) are entirely different. Never use DMX cables for long-distance audio transmission—and vice versa. These two types of signals have distinct cable impedance characteristics: DMX operates at 110Ω, while audio typically does not require a specific impedance. Mixing them can lead to signal reflections, attenuation, and unstable control performance. It’s best to use dedicated cables and clearly label them for easy identification.

7. Moisture and Dust Protection:

Keep the connector clean and dry to prevent oxidation of the metal contacts, which could affect signal quality.

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